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perlbot

PERLBOT(1)             Perl Programmers Reference Guide             PERLBOT(1)



NAME
       perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)

DESCRIPTION
       The following collection of tricks and hints is intended to whet curi-
       ous appetites about such things as the use of instance variables and
       the mechanics of object and class relationships.  The reader is encour-
       aged to consult relevant textbooks for discussion of Object Oriented
       definitions and methodology.  This is not intended as a tutorial for
       object-oriented programming or as a comprehensive guide to Perl's
       object oriented features, nor should it be construed as a style guide.
       If you're looking for tutorials, be sure to read perlboot, perltoot,
       and perltooc.

       The Perl motto still holds:  There's more than one way to do it.

OO SCALING TIPS
       1    Do not attempt to verify the type of $self.  That'll break if the
            class is inherited, when the type of $self is valid but its pack-
            age isn't what you expect.  See rule 5.

       2    If an object-oriented (OO) or indirect-object (IO) syntax was
            used, then the object is probably the correct type and there's no
            need to become paranoid about it.  Perl isn't a paranoid language
            anyway.  If people subvert the OO or IO syntax then they probably
            know what they're doing and you should let them do it.  See rule
            1.

       3    Use the two-argument form of bless().  Let a subclass use your
            constructor.  See "INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR".

       4    The subclass is allowed to know things about its immediate super-
            class, the superclass is allowed to know nothing about a subclass.

       5    Don't be trigger happy with inheritance.  A "using", "containing",
            or "delegation" relationship (some sort of aggregation, at least)
            is often more appropriate.  See "OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS", "USING
            RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM", and "DELEGATION".

       6    The object is the namespace.  Make package globals accessible via
            the object.  This will remove the guess work about the symbol's
            home package.  See "CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT".

       7    IO syntax is certainly less noisy, but it is also prone to ambigu-
            ities that can cause difficult-to-find bugs.  Allow people to use
            the sure-thing OO syntax, even if you don't like it.

       8    Do not use function-call syntax on a method.  You're going to be
            bitten someday.  Someone might move that method into a superclass
            and your code will be broken.  On top of that you're feeding the
            paranoia in rule 2.

       9    Don't assume you know the home package of a method.  You're making
            it difficult for someone to override that method.  See "THINKING
            OF CODE REUSE".

INSTANCE VARIABLES
       An anonymous array or anonymous hash can be used to hold instance vari-
       ables.  Named parameters are also demonstrated.

               package Foo;

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       my %params = @_;
                       my $self = {};
                       $self->{'High'} = $params{'High'};
                       $self->{'Low'}  = $params{'Low'};
                       bless $self, $type;
               }

               package Bar;

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       my %params = @_;
                       my $self = [];
                       $self->[0] = $params{'Left'};
                       $self->[1] = $params{'Right'};
                       bless $self, $type;
               }

               package main;

               $a = Foo->new( 'High' => 42, 'Low' => 11 );
               print "High=$a->{'High'}\n";
               print "Low=$a->{'Low'}\n";

               $b = Bar->new( 'Left' => 78, 'Right' => 40 );
               print "Left=$b->[0]\n";
               print "Right=$b->[1]\n";

SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
       An anonymous scalar can be used when only one instance variable is
       needed.

               package Foo;

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       my $self;
                       $self = shift;
                       bless \$self, $type;
               }

               package main;

               $a = Foo->new( 42 );
               print "a=$$a\n";

INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
       This example demonstrates how one might inherit instance variables from
       a superclass for inclusion in the new class.  This requires calling the
       superclass's constructor and adding one's own instance variables to the
       new object.

               package Bar;

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       my $self = {};
                       $self->{'buz'} = 42;
                       bless $self, $type;
               }

               package Foo;
               @ISA = qw( Bar );

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       my $self = Bar->new;
                       $self->{'biz'} = 11;
                       bless $self, $type;
               }

               package main;

               $a = Foo->new;
               print "buz = ", $a->{'buz'}, "\n";
               print "biz = ", $a->{'biz'}, "\n";

OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
       The following demonstrates how one might implement "containing" and
       "using" relationships between objects.

               package Bar;

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       my $self = {};
                       $self->{'buz'} = 42;
                       bless $self, $type;
               }

               package Foo;

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       my $self = {};
                       $self->{'Bar'} = Bar->new;
                       $self->{'biz'} = 11;
                       bless $self, $type;
               }

               package main;

               $a = Foo->new;
               print "buz = ", $a->{'Bar'}->{'buz'}, "\n";
               print "biz = ", $a->{'biz'}, "\n";

OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
       The following example demonstrates how to override a superclass method
       and then call the overridden method.  The SUPER pseudo-class allows the
       programmer to call an overridden superclass method without actually
       knowing where that method is defined.

               package Buz;
               sub goo { print "here's the goo\n" }

               package Bar; @ISA = qw( Buz );
               sub google { print "google here\n" }

               package Baz;
               sub mumble { print "mumbling\n" }

               package Foo;
               @ISA = qw( Bar Baz );

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       bless [], $type;
               }
               sub grr { print "grumble\n" }
               sub goo {
                       my $self = shift;
                       $self->SUPER::goo();
               }
               sub mumble {
                       my $self = shift;
                       $self->SUPER::mumble();
               }
               sub google {
                       my $self = shift;
                       $self->SUPER::google();
               }

               package main;

               $foo = Foo->new;
               $foo->mumble;
               $foo->grr;
               $foo->goo;
               $foo->google;

       Note that "SUPER" refers to the superclasses of the current package
       ("Foo"), not to the superclasses of $self.

USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
       This example demonstrates an interface for the SDBM class.  This cre-
       ates a "using" relationship between the SDBM class and the new class
       Mydbm.

               package Mydbm;

               require SDBM_File;
               require Tie::Hash;
               @ISA = qw( Tie::Hash );

               sub TIEHASH {
                   my $type = shift;
                   my $ref  = SDBM_File->new(@_);
                   bless {'dbm' => $ref}, $type;
               }
               sub FETCH {
                   my $self = shift;
                   my $ref  = $self->{'dbm'};
                   $ref->FETCH(@_);
               }
               sub STORE {
                   my $self = shift;
                   if (defined $_[0]){
                       my $ref = $self->{'dbm'};
                       $ref->STORE(@_);
                   } else {
                       die "Cannot STORE an undefined key in Mydbm\n";
                   }
               }

               package main;
               use Fcntl qw( O_RDWR O_CREAT );

               tie %foo, "Mydbm", "Sdbm", O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0640;
               $foo{'bar'} = 123;
               print "foo-bar = $foo{'bar'}\n";

               tie %bar, "Mydbm", "Sdbm2", O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0640;
               $bar{'Cathy'} = 456;
               print "bar-Cathy = $bar{'Cathy'}\n";

THINKING OF CODE REUSE
       One strength of Object-Oriented languages is the ease with which old
       code can use new code.  The following examples will demonstrate first
       how one can hinder code reuse and then how one can promote code reuse.

       This first example illustrates a class which uses a fully-qualified
       method call to access the "private" method BAZ().  The second example
       will show that it is impossible to override the BAZ() method.

               package FOO;

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       bless {}, $type;
               }
               sub bar {
                       my $self = shift;
                       $self->FOO::private::BAZ;
               }

               package FOO::private;

               sub BAZ {
                       print "in BAZ\n";
               }

               package main;

               $a = FOO->new;
               $a->bar;

       Now we try to override the BAZ() method.  We would like FOO::bar() to
       call GOOP::BAZ(), but this cannot happen because FOO::bar() explicitly
       calls FOO::private::BAZ().

               package FOO;

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       bless {}, $type;
               }
               sub bar {
                       my $self = shift;
                       $self->FOO::private::BAZ;
               }

               package FOO::private;

               sub BAZ {
                       print "in BAZ\n";
               }

               package GOOP;
               @ISA = qw( FOO );
               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       bless {}, $type;
               }

               sub BAZ {
                       print "in GOOP::BAZ\n";
               }

               package main;

               $a = GOOP->new;
               $a->bar;

       To create reusable code we must modify class FOO, flattening class
       FOO::private.  The next example shows a reusable class FOO which allows
       the method GOOP::BAZ() to be used in place of FOO::BAZ().

               package FOO;

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       bless {}, $type;
               }
               sub bar {
                       my $self = shift;
                       $self->BAZ;
               }

               sub BAZ {
                       print "in BAZ\n";
               }

               package GOOP;
               @ISA = qw( FOO );

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       bless {}, $type;
               }
               sub BAZ {
                       print "in GOOP::BAZ\n";
               }

               package main;

               $a = GOOP->new;
               $a->bar;

CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
       Use the object to solve package and class context problems.  Everything
       a method needs should be available via the object or should be passed
       as a parameter to the method.

       A class will sometimes have static or global data to be used by the
       methods.  A subclass may want to override that data and replace it with
       new data.  When this happens the superclass may not know how to find
       the new copy of the data.

       This problem can be solved by using the object to define the context of
       the method.  Let the method look in the object for a reference to the
       data.  The alternative is to force the method to go hunting for the
       data ("Is it in my class, or in a subclass?  Which subclass?"), and
       this can be inconvenient and will lead to hackery.  It is better just
       to let the object tell the method where that data is located.

               package Bar;

               %fizzle = ( 'Password' => 'XYZZY' );

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       my $self = {};
                       $self->{'fizzle'} = \%fizzle;
                       bless $self, $type;
               }

               sub enter {
                       my $self = shift;

                       # Don't try to guess if we should use %Bar::fizzle
                       # or %Foo::fizzle.  The object already knows which
                       # we should use, so just ask it.
                       #
                       my $fizzle = $self->{'fizzle'};

                       print "The word is ", $fizzle->{'Password'}, "\n";
               }

               package Foo;
               @ISA = qw( Bar );

               %fizzle = ( 'Password' => 'Rumple' );

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       my $self = Bar->new;
                       $self->{'fizzle'} = \%fizzle;
                       bless $self, $type;
               }

               package main;

               $a = Bar->new;
               $b = Foo->new;
               $a->enter;
               $b->enter;

INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
       An inheritable constructor should use the second form of bless() which
       allows blessing directly into a specified class.  Notice in this exam-
       ple that the object will be a BAR not a FOO, even though the construc-
       tor is in class FOO.

               package FOO;

               sub new {
                       my $type = shift;
                       my $self = {};
                       bless $self, $type;
               }

               sub baz {
                       print "in FOO::baz()\n";
               }

               package BAR;
               @ISA = qw(FOO);

               sub baz {
                       print "in BAR::baz()\n";
               }

               package main;

               $a = BAR->new;
               $a->baz;

DELEGATION
       Some classes, such as SDBM_File, cannot be effectively subclassed
       because they create foreign objects.  Such a class can be extended with
       some sort of aggregation technique such as the "using" relationship
       mentioned earlier or by delegation.

       The following example demonstrates delegation using an AUTOLOAD() func-
       tion to perform message-forwarding.  This will allow the Mydbm object
       to behave exactly like an SDBM_File object.  The Mydbm class could now
       extend the behavior by adding custom FETCH() and STORE() methods, if
       this is desired.

               package Mydbm;

               require SDBM_File;
               require Tie::Hash;
               @ISA = qw(Tie::Hash);

               sub TIEHASH {
                       my $type = shift;
                       my $ref = SDBM_File->new(@_);
                       bless {'delegate' => $ref};
               }

               sub AUTOLOAD {
                       my $self = shift;

                       # The Perl interpreter places the name of the
                       # message in a variable called $AUTOLOAD.

                       # DESTROY messages should never be propagated.
                       return if $AUTOLOAD =~ /::DESTROY$/;

                       # Remove the package name.
                       $AUTOLOAD =~ s/^Mydbm:://;

                       # Pass the message to the delegate.
                       $self->{'delegate'}->$AUTOLOAD(@_);
               }

               package main;
               use Fcntl qw( O_RDWR O_CREAT );

               tie %foo, "Mydbm", "adbm", O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0640;
               $foo{'bar'} = 123;
               print "foo-bar = $foo{'bar'}\n";

SEE ALSO
       perlboot, perltoot, perltooc.



perl v5.8.6                       2004-11-05                        PERLBOT(1)