POSIX
POSIX(3) Perl Programmers Reference Guide POSIX(3)
NAME
POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
SYNOPSIS
use POSIX;
use POSIX qw(setsid);
use POSIX qw(:errno_h :fcntl_h);
printf "EINTR is %d\n", EINTR;
$sess_id = POSIX::setsid();
$fd = POSIX::open($path, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_WRONLY, 0644);
# note: that's a filedescriptor, *NOT* a filehandle
DESCRIPTION
The POSIX module permits you to access all (or nearly all) the standard
POSIX 1003.1 identifiers. Many of these identifiers have been given
Perl-ish interfaces.
Everything is exported by default with the exception of any POSIX func-
tions with the same name as a built-in Perl function, such as "abs",
"alarm", "rmdir", "write", etc.., which will be exported only if you
ask for them explicitly. This is an unfortunate backwards compatibil-
ity feature. You can stop the exporting by saying "use POSIX ()" and
then use the fully qualified names (ie. "POSIX::SEEK_END").
This document gives a condensed list of the features available in the
POSIX module. Consult your operating system's manpages for general
information on most features. Consult perlfunc for functions which are
noted as being identical to Perl's builtin functions.
The first section describes POSIX functions from the 1003.1 specifica-
tion. The second section describes some classes for signal objects,
TTY objects, and other miscellaneous objects. The remaining sections
list various constants and macros in an organization which roughly fol-
lows IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993.
NOTE
The POSIX module is probably the most complex Perl module supplied with
the standard distribution. It incorporates autoloading, namespace
games, and dynamic loading of code that's in Perl, C, or both. It's a
great source of wisdom.
CAVEATS
A few functions are not implemented because they are C specific. If
you attempt to call these, they will print a message telling you that
they aren't implemented, and suggest using the Perl equivalent should
one exist. For example, trying to access the setjmp() call will elicit
the message "setjmp() is C-specific: use eval {} instead".
Furthermore, some evil vendors will claim 1003.1 compliance, but in
fact are not so: they will not pass the PCTS (POSIX Compliance Test
Suites). For example, one vendor may not define EDEADLK, or the seman-
tics of the errno values set by open(2) might not be quite right. Perl
does not attempt to verify POSIX compliance. That means you can cur-
rently successfully say "use POSIX", and then later in your program
you find that your vendor has been lax and there's no usable ICANON
macro after all. This could be construed to be a bug.
FUNCTIONS
_exit This is identical to the C function "_exit()". It exits the
program immediately which means among other things buffered I/O
is not flushed.
Note that when using threads and in Linux this is not a good
way to exit a thread because in Linux processes and threads are
kind of the same thing (Note: while this is the situation in
early 2003 there are projects under way to have threads with
more POSIXly semantics in Linux). If you want not to return
from a thread, detach the thread.
abort This is identical to the C function "abort()". It terminates
the process with a "SIGABRT" signal unless caught by a signal
handler or if the handler does not return normally (it e.g.
does a "longjmp").
abs This is identical to Perl's builtin "abs()" function, returning
the absolute value of its numerical argument.
access Determines the accessibility of a file.
if( POSIX::access( "/", &POSIX::R_OK ) ){
print "have read permission\n";
}
Returns "undef" on failure. Note: do not use "access()" for
security purposes. Between the "access()" call and the opera-
tion you are preparing for the permissions might change: a
classic race condition.
acos This is identical to the C function "acos()", returning the
arcus cosine of its numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.
alarm This is identical to Perl's builtin "alarm()" function, either
for arming or disarming the "SIGARLM" timer.
asctime This is identical to the C function "asctime()". It returns a
string of the form
"Fri Jun 2 18:22:13 2000\n\0"
and it is called thusly
$asctime = asctime($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year,
$wday, $yday, $isdst);
The $mon is zero-based: January equals 0. The $year is
1900-based: 2001 equals 101. The $wday, $yday, and $isdst
default to zero (and the first two are usually ignored anyway).
asin This is identical to the C function "asin()", returning the
arcus sine of its numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.
assert Unimplemented, but you can use "die" in perlfunc and the Carp
module to achieve similar things.
atan This is identical to the C function "atan()", returning the
arcus tangent of its numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.
atan2 This is identical to Perl's builtin "atan2()" function, return-
ing the arcus tangent defined by its two numerical arguments,
the y coordinate and the x coordinate. See also Math::Trig.
atexit atexit() is C-specific: use "END {}" instead, see perlsub.
atof atof() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers trans-
parently. If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a
zero to it.
atoi atoi() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers trans-
parently. If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a
zero to it. If you need to have just the integer part, see
"int" in perlfunc.
atol atol() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers trans-
parently. If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a
zero to it. If you need to have just the integer part, see
"int" in perlfunc.
bsearch bsearch() not supplied. For doing binary search on wordlists,
see Search::Dict.
calloc calloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transpar-
ently.
ceil This is identical to the C function "ceil()", returning the
smallest integer value greater than or equal to the given
numerical argument.
chdir This is identical to Perl's builtin "chdir()" function, allow-
ing one to change the working (default) directory, see "chdir"
in perlfunc.
chmod This is identical to Perl's builtin "chmod()" function, allow-
ing one to change file and directory permissions, see "chmod"
in perlfunc.
chown This is identical to Perl's builtin "chown()" function, allow-
ing one to change file and directory owners and groups, see
"chown" in perlfunc.
clearerr
Use the method "IO::Handle::clearerr()" instead, to reset the
error state (if any) and EOF state (if any) of the given
stream.
clock This is identical to the C function "clock()", returning the
amount of spent processor time in microseconds.
close Close the file. This uses file descriptors such as those
obtained by calling "POSIX::open".
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
POSIX::close( $fd );
Returns "undef" on failure.
See also "close" in perlfunc.
closedir
This is identical to Perl's builtin "closedir()" function for
closing a directory handle, see "closedir" in perlfunc.
cos This is identical to Perl's builtin "cos()" function, for
returning the cosine of its numerical argument, see "cos" in
perlfunc. See also Math::Trig.
cosh This is identical to the C function "cosh()", for returning the
hyperbolic cosine of its numeric argument. See also
Math::Trig.
creat Create a new file. This returns a file descriptor like the
ones returned by "POSIX::open". Use "POSIX::close" to close
the file.
$fd = POSIX::creat( "foo", 0611 );
POSIX::close( $fd );
See also "sysopen" in perlfunc and its "O_CREAT" flag.
ctermid Generates the path name for the controlling terminal.
$path = POSIX::ctermid();
ctime This is identical to the C function "ctime()" and equivalent to
"asctime(localtime(...))", see "asctime" and "localtime".
cuserid Get the login name of the owner of the current process.
$name = POSIX::cuserid();
difftime
This is identical to the C function "difftime()", for returning
the time difference (in seconds) between two times (as returned
by "time()"), see "time".
div div() is C-specific, use "int" in perlfunc on the usual "/"
division and the modulus "%".
dup This is similar to the C function "dup()", for duplicating a
file descriptor.
This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
"POSIX::open".
Returns "undef" on failure.
dup2 This is similar to the C function "dup2()", for duplicating a
file descriptor to an another known file descriptor.
This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
"POSIX::open".
Returns "undef" on failure.
errno Returns the value of errno.
$errno = POSIX::errno();
This identical to the numerical values of the $!, see "$ERRNO"
in perlvar.
execl execl() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
execle execle() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
execlp execlp() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
execv execv() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
execve execve() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
execvp execvp() is C-specific, see "exec" in perlfunc.
exit This is identical to Perl's builtin "exit()" function for exit-
ing the program, see "exit" in perlfunc.
exp This is identical to Perl's builtin "exp()" function for
returning the exponent (e-based) of the numerical argument, see
"exp" in perlfunc.
fabs This is identical to Perl's builtin "abs()" function for
returning the absolute value of the numerical argument, see
"abs" in perlfunc.
fclose Use method "IO::Handle::close()" instead, or see "close" in
perlfunc.
fcntl This is identical to Perl's builtin "fcntl()" function, see
"fcntl" in perlfunc.
fdopen Use method "IO::Handle::new_from_fd()" instead, or see "open"
in perlfunc.
feof Use method "IO::Handle::eof()" instead, or see "eof" in perl-
func.
ferror Use method "IO::Handle::error()" instead.
fflush Use method "IO::Handle::flush()" instead. See also "$OUT-
PUT_AUTOFLUSH" in perlvar.
fgetc Use method "IO::Handle::getc()" instead, or see "read" in perl-
func.
fgetpos Use method "IO::Seekable::getpos()" instead, or see "seek" in
L.
fgets Use method "IO::Handle::gets()" instead. Similar to <>, also
known as "readline" in perlfunc.
fileno Use method "IO::Handle::fileno()" instead, or see "fileno" in
perlfunc.
floor This is identical to the C function "floor()", returning the
largest integer value less than or equal to the numerical argu-
ment.
fmod This is identical to the C function "fmod()".
$r = fmod($x, $y);
It returns the remainder "$r = $x - $n*$y", where "$n =
trunc($x/$y)". The $r has the same sign as $x and magnitude
(absolute value) less than the magnitude of $y.
fopen Use method "IO::File::open()" instead, or see "open" in perl-
func.
fork This is identical to Perl's builtin "fork()" function for
duplicating the current process, see "fork" in perlfunc and
perlfork if you are in Windows.
fpathconf
Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or direc-
tory. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by
calling "POSIX::open".
The following will determine the maximum length of the longest
allowable pathname on the filesystem which holds "/var/foo".
$fd = POSIX::open( "/var/foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
$path_max = POSIX::fpathconf( $fd, &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );
Returns "undef" on failure.
fprintf fprintf() is C-specific, see "printf" in perlfunc instead.
fputc fputc() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
fputs fputs() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
fread fread() is C-specific, see "read" in perlfunc instead.
free free() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transpar-
ently.
freopen freopen() is C-specific, see "open" in perlfunc instead.
frexp Return the mantissa and exponent of a floating-point number.
($mantissa, $exponent) = POSIX::frexp( 1.234e56 );
fscanf fscanf() is C-specific, use <> and regular expressions instead.
fseek Use method "IO::Seekable::seek()" instead, or see "seek" in
perlfunc.
fsetpos Use method "IO::Seekable::setpos()" instead, or seek "seek" in
perlfunc.
fstat Get file status. This uses file descriptors such as those
obtained by calling "POSIX::open". The data returned is iden-
tical to the data from Perl's builtin "stat" function.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
@stats = POSIX::fstat( $fd );
fsync Use method "IO::Handle::sync()" instead.
ftell Use method "IO::Seekable::tell()" instead, or see "tell" in
perlfunc.
fwrite fwrite() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
getc This is identical to Perl's builtin "getc()" function, see
"getc" in perlfunc.
getchar Returns one character from STDIN. Identical to Perl's
"getc()", see "getc" in perlfunc.
getcwd Returns the name of the current working directory. See also
Cwd.
getegid Returns the effective group identifier. Similar to Perl' s
builtin variable $(, see "$EGID" in perlvar.
getenv Returns the value of the specified enironment variable. The
same information is available through the %ENV array.
geteuid Returns the effective user identifier. Identical to Perl's
builtin $> variable, see "$EUID" in perlvar.
getgid Returns the user's real group identifier. Similar to Perl's
builtin variable $), see "$GID" in perlvar.
getgrgid
This is identical to Perl's builtin "getgrgid()" function for
returning group entries by group identifiers, see "getgrgid" in
perlfunc.
getgrnam
This is identical to Perl's builtin "getgrnam()" function for
returning group entries by group names, see "getgrnam" in perl-
func.
getgroups
Returns the ids of the user's supplementary groups. Similar to
Perl's builtin variable $), see "$GID" in perlvar.
getlogin
This is identical to Perl's builtin "getlogin()" function for
returning the user name associated with the current session,
see "getlogin" in perlfunc.
getpgrp This is identical to Perl's builtin "getpgrp()" function for
returning the prcess group identifier of the current process,
see "getpgrp" in perlfunc.
getpid Returns the process identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin
variable $$, see "$PID" in perlvar.
getppid This is identical to Perl's builtin "getppid()" function for
returning the process identifier of the parent process of the
current process , see "getppid" in perlfunc.
getpwnam
This is identical to Perl's builtin "getpwnam()" function for
returning user entries by user names, see "getpwnam" in perl-
func.
getpwuid
This is identical to Perl's builtin "getpwuid()" function for
returning user entries by user identifiers, see "getpwuid" in
perlfunc.
gets Returns one line from "STDIN", similar to <>, also known as the
"readline()" function, see "readline" in perlfunc.
NOTE: if you have C programs that still use "gets()", be very
afraid. The "gets()" function is a source of endless grief
because it has no buffer overrun checks. It should never be
used. The "fgets()" function should be preferred instead.
getuid Returns the user's identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin $<
variable, see "$UID" in perlvar.
gmtime This is identical to Perl's builtin "gmtime()" function for
converting seconds since the epoch to a date in Greenwich Mean
Time, see "gmtime" in perlfunc.
isalnum This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale
settings may affect what characters are considered "isalnum".
Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher.
Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:alnum:]]/" con-
struct instead, or possibly the "/\w/" construct.
isalpha This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale
settings may affect what characters are considered "isalpha".
Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher.
Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:alpha:]]/" con-
struct instead.
isatty Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified filehandle
is connected to a tty. Similar to the "-t" operator, see "-X"
in perlfunc.
iscntrl This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale
settings may affect what characters are considered "iscntrl".
Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher.
Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:cntrl:]]/" con-
struct instead.
isdigit This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale
settings may affect what characters are considered "isdigit"
(unlikely, but still possible). Does not work on Unicode char-
acters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
expressions and the "/[[:digit:]]/" construct instead, or the
"/\d/" construct.
isgraph This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale
settings may affect what characters are considered "isgraph".
Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher.
Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:graph:]]/" con-
struct instead.
islower This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale
settings may affect what characters are considered "islower".
Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher.
Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:lower:]]/" con-
struct instead. Do not use "/[a-z]/".
isprint This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale
settings may affect what characters are considered "isprint".
Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher.
Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:print:]]/" con-
struct instead.
ispunct This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale
settings may affect what characters are considered "ispunct".
Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher.
Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:punct:]]/" con-
struct instead.
isspace This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale
settings may affect what characters are considered "isspace".
Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher.
Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:space:]]/" con-
struct instead, or the "/\s/" construct. (Note that "/\s/" and
"/[[:space:]]/" are slightly different in that "/[[:space:]]/"
can normally match a vertical tab, while "/\s/" does not.)
isupper This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale
settings may affect what characters are considered "isupper".
Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher.
Consider using regular expressions and the "/[[:upper:]]/" con-
struct instead. Do not use "/[A-Z]/".
isxdigit
This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale
settings may affect what characters are considered "isxdigit"
(unlikely, but still possible). Does not work on Unicode char-
acters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
expressions and the "/[[:xdigit:]]/" construct instead, or sim-
ply "/[0-9a-f]/i".
kill This is identical to Perl's builtin "kill()" function for send-
ing signals to processes (often to terminate them), see "kill"
in perlfunc.
labs (For returning absolute values of long integers.) labs() is
C-specific, see "abs" in perlfunc instead.
ldexp This is identical to the C function "ldexp()" for multiplying
floating point numbers with powers of two.
$x_quadrupled = POSIX::ldexp($x, 2);
ldiv (For computing dividends of long integers.) ldiv() is C-spe-
cific, use "/" and "int()" instead.
link This is identical to Perl's builtin "link()" function for cre-
ating hard links into files, see "link" in perlfunc.
localeconv
Get numeric formatting information. Returns a reference to a
hash containing the current locale formatting values.
Here is how to query the database for the de (Deutsch or Ger-
man) locale.
$loc = POSIX::setlocale( &POSIX::LC_ALL, "de" );
print "Locale = $loc\n";
$lconv = POSIX::localeconv();
print "decimal_point = ", $lconv->{decimal_point}, "\n";
print "thousands_sep = ", $lconv->{thousands_sep}, "\n";
print "grouping = ", $lconv->{grouping}, "\n";
print "int_curr_symbol = ", $lconv->{int_curr_symbol}, "\n";
print "currency_symbol = ", $lconv->{currency_symbol}, "\n";
print "mon_decimal_point = ", $lconv->{mon_decimal_point}, "\n";
print "mon_thousands_sep = ", $lconv->{mon_thousands_sep}, "\n";
print "mon_grouping = ", $lconv->{mon_grouping}, "\n";
print "positive_sign = ", $lconv->{positive_sign}, "\n";
print "negative_sign = ", $lconv->{negative_sign}, "\n";
print "int_frac_digits = ", $lconv->{int_frac_digits}, "\n";
print "frac_digits = ", $lconv->{frac_digits}, "\n";
print "p_cs_precedes = ", $lconv->{p_cs_precedes}, "\n";
print "p_sep_by_space = ", $lconv->{p_sep_by_space}, "\n";
print "n_cs_precedes = ", $lconv->{n_cs_precedes}, "\n";
print "n_sep_by_space = ", $lconv->{n_sep_by_space}, "\n";
print "p_sign_posn = ", $lconv->{p_sign_posn}, "\n";
print "n_sign_posn = ", $lconv->{n_sign_posn}, "\n";
localtime
This is identical to Perl's builtin "localtime()" function for
converting seconds since the epoch to a date see "localtime" in
perlfunc.
log This is identical to Perl's builtin "log()" function, returning
the natural (e-based) logarithm of the numerical argument, see
"log" in perlfunc.
log10 This is identical to the C function "log10()", returning the
10-base logarithm of the numerical argument. You can also use
sub log10 { log($_[0]) / log(10) }
or
sub log10 { log($_[0]) / 2.30258509299405 }
or
sub log10 { log($_[0]) * 0.434294481903252 }
longjmp longjmp() is C-specific: use "die" in perlfunc instead.
lseek Move the file's read/write position. This uses file descrip-
tors such as those obtained by calling "POSIX::open".
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
$off_t = POSIX::lseek( $fd, 0, &POSIX::SEEK_SET );
Returns "undef" on failure.
malloc malloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transpar-
ently.
mblen This is identical to the C function "mblen()". Perl does not
have any support for the wide and multibyte characters of the C
standards, so this might be a rather useless function.
mbstowcs
This is identical to the C function "mbstowcs()". Perl does
not have any support for the wide and multibyte characters of
the C standards, so this might be a rather useless function.
mbtowc This is identical to the C function "mbtowc()". Perl does not
have any support for the wide and multibyte characters of the C
standards, so this might be a rather useless function.
memchr memchr() is C-specific, see "index" in perlfunc instead.
memcmp memcmp() is C-specific, use "eq" instead, see perlop.
memcpy memcpy() is C-specific, use "=", see perlop, or see "substr" in
perlfunc.
memmove memmove() is C-specific, use "=", see perlop, or see "substr"
in perlfunc.
memset memset() is C-specific, use "x" instead, see perlop.
mkdir This is identical to Perl's builtin "mkdir()" function for cre-
ating directories, see "mkdir" in perlfunc.
mkfifo This is similar to the C function "mkfifo()" for creating FIFO
special files.
if (mkfifo($path, $mode)) { ....
Returns "undef" on failure. The $mode is similar to the mode
of "mkdir()", see "mkdir" in perlfunc.
mktime Convert date/time info to a calendar time.
Synopsis:
mktime(sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = 0, yday = 0, isdst = 0)
The month ("mon"), weekday ("wday"), and yearday ("yday") begin
at zero. I.e. January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January
1st is 0, not 1. The year ("year") is given in years since
1900. I.e. The year 1995 is 95; the year 2001 is 101. Consult
your system's "mktime()" manpage for details about these and
the other arguments.
Calendar time for December 12, 1995, at 10:30 am.
$time_t = POSIX::mktime( 0, 30, 10, 12, 11, 95 );
print "Date = ", POSIX::ctime($time_t);
Returns "undef" on failure.
modf Return the integral and fractional parts of a floating-point
number.
($fractional, $integral) = POSIX::modf( 3.14 );
nice This is similar to the C function "nice()", for changing the
scheduling preference of the current process. Positive argu-
ments mean more polite process, negative values more needy pro-
cess. Normal user processes can only be more polite.
Returns "undef" on failure.
offsetof
offsetof() is C-specific, you probably want to see "pack" in
perlfunc instead.
open Open a file for reading for writing. This returns file
descriptors, not Perl filehandles. Use "POSIX::close" to close
the file.
Open a file read-only with mode 0666.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo" );
Open a file for read and write.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDWR );
Open a file for write, with truncation.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY | &POSIX::O_TRUNC );
Create a new file with mode 0640. Set up the file for writing.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_CREAT | &POSIX::O_WRONLY, 0640 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
See also "sysopen" in perlfunc.
opendir Open a directory for reading.
$dir = POSIX::opendir( "/var" );
@files = POSIX::readdir( $dir );
POSIX::closedir( $dir );
Returns "undef" on failure.
pathconf
Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or direc-
tory.
The following will determine the maximum length of the longest
allowable pathname on the filesystem which holds "/var".
$path_max = POSIX::pathconf( "/var", &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );
Returns "undef" on failure.
pause This is similar to the C function "pause()", which suspends the
execution of the current process until a signal is received.
Returns "undef" on failure.
perror This is identical to the C function "perror()", which outputs
to the standard error stream the specified message followed by
": " and the current error string. Use the "warn()" function
and the $! variable instead, see "warn" in perlfunc and
"$ERRNO" in perlvar.
pipe Create an interprocess channel. This returns file descriptors
like those returned by "POSIX::open".
my ($read, $write) = POSIX::pipe();
POSIX::write( $write, "hello", 5 );
POSIX::read( $read, $buf, 5 );
See also "pipe" in perlfunc.
pow Computes $x raised to the power $exponent.
$ret = POSIX::pow( $x, $exponent );
You can also use the "**" operator, see perlop.
printf Formats and prints the specified arguments to STDOUT. See also
"printf" in perlfunc.
putc putc() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
putchar putchar() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
puts puts() is C-specific, see "print" in perlfunc instead.
qsort qsort() is C-specific, see "sort" in perlfunc instead.
raise Sends the specified signal to the current process. See also
"kill" in perlfunc and the $$ in "$PID" in perlvar.
rand "rand()" is non-portable, see "rand" in perlfunc instead.
read Read from a file. This uses file descriptors such as those
obtained by calling "POSIX::open". If the buffer $buf is not
large enough for the read then Perl will extend it to make room
for the request.
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
$bytes = POSIX::read( $fd, $buf, 3 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
See also "sysread" in perlfunc.
readdir This is identical to Perl's builtin "readdir()" function for
reading directory entries, see "readdir" in perlfunc.
realloc realloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transpar-
ently.
remove This is identical to Perl's builtin "unlink()" function for
removing files, see "unlink" in perlfunc.
rename This is identical to Perl's builtin "rename()" function for
renaming files, see "rename" in perlfunc.
rewind Seeks to the beginning of the file.
rewinddir
This is identical to Perl's builtin "rewinddir()" function for
rewinding directory entry streams, see "rewinddir" in perlfunc.
rmdir This is identical to Perl's builtin "rmdir()" function for
removing (empty) directories, see "rmdir" in perlfunc.
scanf scanf() is C-specific, use <> and regular expressions instead,
see perlre.
setgid Sets the real group identifier and the effective group identi-
fier for this process. Similar to assigning a value to the
Perl's builtin $) variable, see "$GID" in perlvar, except that
the latter will change only the real user identifier, and that
the setgid() uses only a single numeric argument, as opposed to
a space-separated list of numbers.
setjmp "setjmp()" is C-specific: use "eval {}" instead, see "eval" in
perlfunc.
setlocale
Modifies and queries program's locale. The following examples
assume
use POSIX qw(setlocale LC_ALL LC_CTYPE);
has been issued.
The following will set the traditional UNIX system locale
behavior (the second argument "C").
$loc = setlocale( LC_ALL, "C" );
The following will query the current LC_CTYPE category. (No
second argument means 'query'.)
$loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE );
The following will set the LC_CTYPE behaviour according to the
locale environment variables (the second argument ""). Please
see your systems setlocale(3) documentation for the locale
environment variables' meaning or consult perllocale.
$loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE, "" );
The following will set the LC_COLLATE behaviour to Argentinian
Spanish. NOTE: The naming and availability of locales depends
on your operating system. Please consult perllocale for how to
find out which locales are available in your system.
$loc = setlocale( LC_ALL, "es_AR.ISO8859-1" );
setpgid This is similar to the C function "setpgid()" for setting the
process group identifier of the current process.
Returns "undef" on failure.
setsid This is identical to the C function "setsid()" for setting the
session identifier of the current process.
setuid Sets the real user identifier and the effective user identifier
for this process. Similar to assigning a value to the Perl's
builtin $< variable, see "$UID" in perlvar, except that the
latter will change only the real user identifier.
sigaction
Detailed signal management. This uses "POSIX::SigAction"
objects for the "action" and "oldaction" arguments. Consult
your system's "sigaction" manpage for details.
Synopsis:
sigaction(signal, action, oldaction = 0)
Returns "undef" on failure. The "signal" must be a number
(like SIGHUP), not a string (like "SIGHUP"), though Perl does
try hard to understand you.
siglongjmp
siglongjmp() is C-specific: use "die" in perlfunc instead.
sigpending
Examine signals that are blocked and pending. This uses
"POSIX::SigSet" objects for the "sigset" argument. Consult
your system's "sigpending" manpage for details.
Synopsis:
sigpending(sigset)
Returns "undef" on failure.
sigprocmask
Change and/or examine calling process's signal mask. This uses
"POSIX::SigSet" objects for the "sigset" and "oldsigset"
arguments. Consult your system's "sigprocmask" manpage for
details.
Synopsis:
sigprocmask(how, sigset, oldsigset = 0)
Returns "undef" on failure.
sigsetjmp
"sigsetjmp()" is C-specific: use "eval {}" instead, see "eval"
in perlfunc.
sigsuspend
Install a signal mask and suspend process until signal arrives.
This uses "POSIX::SigSet" objects for the "signal_mask" argu-
ment. Consult your system's "sigsuspend" manpage for details.
Synopsis:
sigsuspend(signal_mask)
Returns "undef" on failure.
sin This is identical to Perl's builtin "sin()" function for
returning the sine of the numerical argument, see "sin" in
perlfunc. See also Math::Trig.
sinh This is identical to the C function "sinh()" for returning the
hyperbolic sine of the numerical argument. See also
Math::Trig.
sleep This is functionally identical to Perl's builtin "sleep()"
function for suspending the execution of the current for pro-
cess for certain number of seconds, see "sleep" in perlfunc.
There is one significant difference, however: "POSIX::sleep()"
returns the number of unslept seconds, while the
"CORE::sleep()" returns the number of slept seconds.
sprintf This is similar to Perl's builtin "sprintf()" function for
returning a string that has the arguments formatted as
requested, see "sprintf" in perlfunc.
sqrt This is identical to Perl's builtin "sqrt()" function. for
returning the square root of the numerical argument, see "sqrt"
in perlfunc.
srand Give a seed the pseudorandom number generator, see "srand" in
perlfunc.
sscanf sscanf() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see
perlre.
stat This is identical to Perl's builtin "stat()" function for
retutning information about files and directories.
strcat strcat() is C-specific, use ".=" instead, see perlop.
strchr strchr() is C-specific, see "index" in perlfunc instead.
strcmp strcmp() is C-specific, use "eq" or "cmp" instead, see perlop.
strcoll This is identical to the C function "strcoll()" for collating
(comparing) strings transformed using the "strxfrm()" function.
Not really needed since Perl can do this transparently, see
perllocale.
strcpy strcpy() is C-specific, use "=" instead, see perlop.
strcspn strcspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see
perlre.
strerror
Returns the error string for the specified errno. Identical to
the string form of the $!, see "$ERRNO" in perlvar.
strftime
Convert date and time information to string. Returns the
string.
Synopsis:
strftime(fmt, sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = -1, yday = -1, isdst = -1)
The month ("mon"), weekday ("wday"), and yearday ("yday") begin
at zero. I.e. January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January
1st is 0, not 1. The year ("year") is given in years since
1900. I.e., the year 1995 is 95; the year 2001 is 101. Con-
sult your system's "strftime()" manpage for details about these
and the other arguments.
If you want your code to be portable, your format ("fmt") argu-
ment should use only the conversion specifiers defined by the
ANSI C standard (C89, to play safe). These are "aAbBcdHIjmMp-
SUwWxXyYZ%". But even then, the results of some of the conver-
sion specifiers are non-portable. For example, the specifiers
"aAbBcpZ" change according to the locale settings of the user,
and both how to set locales (the locale names) and what output
to expect are non-standard. The specifier "c" changes accord-
ing to the timezone settings of the user and the timezone com-
putation rules of the operating system. The "Z" specifier is
notoriously unportable since the names of timezones are
non-standard. Sticking to the numeric specifiers is the safest
route.
The given arguments are made consistent as though by calling
"mktime()" before calling your system's "strftime()" function,
except that the "isdst" value is not affected.
The string for Tuesday, December 12, 1995.
$str = POSIX::strftime( "%A, %B %d, %Y", 0, 0, 0, 12, 11, 95, 2 );
print "$str\n";
strlen strlen() is C-specific, use "length()" instead, see "length" in
perlfunc.
strncat strncat() is C-specific, use ".=" instead, see perlop.
strncmp strncmp() is C-specific, use "eq" instead, see perlop.
strncpy strncpy() is C-specific, use "=" instead, see perlop.
strpbrk strpbrk() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see
perlre.
strrchr strrchr() is C-specific, see "rindex" in perlfunc instead.
strspn strspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see
perlre.
strstr This is identical to Perl's builtin "index()" function, see
"index" in perlfunc.
strtod String to double translation. Returns the parsed number and the
number of characters in the unparsed portion of the string.
Truly POSIX-compliant systems set $! ($ERRNO) to indicate a
translation error, so clear $! before calling strtod. However,
non-POSIX systems may not check for overflow, and therefore
will never set $!.
strtod should respect any POSIX setlocale() settings.
To parse a string $str as a floating point number use
$! = 0;
($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtod($str);
The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid
input:
if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || !$!) {
die "Non-numeric input $str" . $! ? ": $!\n" : "\n";
}
When called in a scalar context strtod returns the parsed num-
ber.
strtok strtok() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see
perlre, or "split" in perlfunc.
strtol String to (long) integer translation. Returns the parsed num-
ber and the number of characters in the unparsed portion of the
string. Truly POSIX-compliant systems set $! ($ERRNO) to indi-
cate a translation error, so clear $! before calling strtol.
However, non-POSIX systems may not check for overflow, and
therefore will never set $!.
strtol should respect any POSIX setlocale() settings.
To parse a string $str as a number in some base $base use
$! = 0;
($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtol($str, $base);
The base should be zero or between 2 and 36, inclusive. When
the base is zero or omitted strtol will use the string itself
to determine the base: a leading "0x" or "0X" means hexadeci-
mal; a leading "0" means octal; any other leading characters
mean decimal. Thus, "1234" is parsed as a decimal number,
"01234" as an octal number, and "0x1234" as a hexadecimal num-
ber.
The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid
input:
if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || !$!) {
die "Non-numeric input $str" . $! ? ": $!\n" : "\n";
}
When called in a scalar context strtol returns the parsed num-
ber.
strtoul String to unsigned (long) integer translation. strtoul() is
identical to strtol() except that strtoul() only parses
unsigned integers. See "strtol" for details.
Note: Some vendors supply strtod() and strtol() but not str-
toul(). Other vendors that do supply strtoul() parse "-1" as a
valid value.
strxfrm String transformation. Returns the transformed string.
$dst = POSIX::strxfrm( $src );
Used in conjunction with the "strcoll()" function, see "str-
coll".
Not really needed since Perl can do this transparently, see
perllocale.
sysconf Retrieves values of system configurable variables.
The following will get the machine's clock speed.
$clock_ticks = POSIX::sysconf( &POSIX::_SC_CLK_TCK );
Returns "undef" on failure.
system This is identical to Perl's builtin "system()" function, see
"system" in perlfunc.
tan This is identical to the C function "tan()", returning the tan-
gent of the numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.
tanh This is identical to the C function "tanh()", returning the
hyperbolic tangent of the numerical argument. See also
Math::Trig.
tcdrain This is similar to the C function "tcdrain()" for draining the
output queue of its argument stream.
Returns "undef" on failure.
tcflow This is similar to the C function "tcflow()" for controlling
the flow of its argument stream.
Returns "undef" on failure.
tcflush This is similar to the C function "tcflush()" for flushing the
I/O buffers of its argument stream.
Returns "undef" on failure.
tcgetpgrp
This is identical to the C function "tcgetpgrp()" for returning
the process group identifier of the foreground process group of
the controlling terminal.
tcsendbreak
This is similar to the C function "tcsendbreak()" for sending a
break on its argument stream.
Returns "undef" on failure.
tcsetpgrp
This is similar to the C function "tcsetpgrp()" for setting the
process group identifier of the foreground process group of the
controlling terminal.
Returns "undef" on failure.
time This is identical to Perl's builtin "time()" function for
returning the number of seconds since the epoch (whatever it is
for the system), see "time" in perlfunc.
times The times() function returns elapsed realtime since some point
in the past (such as system startup), user and system times for
this process, and user and system times used by child pro-
cesses. All times are returned in clock ticks.
($realtime, $user, $system, $cuser, $csystem) = POSIX::times();
Note: Perl's builtin "times()" function returns four values,
measured in seconds.
tmpfile Use method "IO::File::new_tmpfile()" instead, or see
File::Temp.
tmpnam Returns a name for a temporary file.
$tmpfile = POSIX::tmpnam();
For security reasons, which are probably detailed in your sys-
tem's documentation for the C library tmpnam() function, this
interface should not be used; instead see File::Temp.
tolower This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Consider using the
"lc()" function, see "lc" in perlfunc, or the equivalent "\L"
operator inside doublequotish strings.
toupper This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply
to a single character or to a whole string. Consider using the
"uc()" function, see "uc" in perlfunc, or the equivalent "\U"
operator inside doublequotish strings.
ttyname This is identical to the C function "ttyname()" for returning
the name of the current terminal.
tzname Retrieves the time conversion information from the "tzname"
variable.
POSIX::tzset();
($std, $dst) = POSIX::tzname();
tzset This is identical to the C function "tzset()" for setting the
current timezone based on the environment variable "TZ", to be
used by "ctime()", "localtime()", "mktime()", and "strftime()"
functions.
umask This is identical to Perl's builtin "umask()" function for set-
ting (and querying) the file creation permission mask, see
"umask" in perlfunc.
uname Get name of current operating system.
($sysname, $nodename, $release, $version, $machine) = POSIX::uname();
Note that the actual meanings of the various fields are not
that well standardized, do not expect any great portability.
The $sysname might be the name of the operating system, the
$nodename might be the name of the host, the $release might be
the (major) release number of the operating system, the $ver-
sion might be the (minor) release number of the operating sys-
tem, and the $machine might be a hardware identifier. Maybe.
ungetc Use method "IO::Handle::ungetc()" instead.
unlink This is identical to Perl's builtin "unlink()" function for
removing files, see "unlink" in perlfunc.
utime This is identical to Perl's builtin "utime()" function for
changing the time stamps of files and directories, see "utime"
in perlfunc.
vfprintf
vfprintf() is C-specific, see "printf" in perlfunc instead.
vprintf vprintf() is C-specific, see "printf" in perlfunc instead.
vsprintf
vsprintf() is C-specific, see "sprintf" in perlfunc instead.
wait This is identical to Perl's builtin "wait()" function, see
"wait" in perlfunc.
waitpid Wait for a child process to change state. This is identical to
Perl's builtin "waitpid()" function, see "waitpid" in perlfunc.
$pid = POSIX::waitpid( -1, POSIX::WNOHANG );
print "status = ", ($? / 256), "\n";
wcstombs
This is identical to the C function "wcstombs()". Perl does
not have any support for the wide and multibyte characters of
the C standards, so this might be a rather useless function.
wctomb This is identical to the C function "wctomb()". Perl does not
have any support for the wide and multibyte characters of the C
standards, so this might be a rather useless function.
write Write to a file. This uses file descriptors such as those
obtained by calling "POSIX::open".
$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY );
$buf = "hello";
$bytes = POSIX::write( $b, $buf, 5 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
See also "syswrite" in perlfunc.
CLASSES
POSIX::SigAction
new Creates a new "POSIX::SigAction" object which corresponds to
the C "struct sigaction". This object will be destroyed auto-
matically when it is no longer needed. The first parameter is
the fully-qualified name of a sub which is a signal-handler.
The second parameter is a "POSIX::SigSet" object, it defaults
to the empty set. The third parameter contains the "sa_flags",
it defaults to 0.
$sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new(SIGINT, SIGQUIT);
$sigaction = POSIX::SigAction->new( \&main::handler, $sigset, &POSIX::SA_NOCLDSTOP );
This "POSIX::SigAction" object is intended for use with the
"POSIX::sigaction()" function.
handler
mask
flags accessor functions to get/set the values of a SigAction object.
$sigset = $sigaction->mask;
$sigaction->flags(&POSIX::SA_RESTART);
safe accessor function for the "safe signals" flag of a SigAction
object; see perlipc for general information on safe (a.k.a.
"deferred") signals. If you wish to handle a signal safely,
use this accessor to set the "safe" flag in the "POSIX::SigAc-
tion" object:
$sigaction->safe(1);
You may also examine the "safe" flag on the output action
object which is filled in when given as the third parameter to
"POSIX::sigaction()":
sigaction(SIGINT, $new_action, $old_action);
if ($old_action->safe) {
# previous SIGINT handler used safe signals
}
POSIX::SigSet
new Create a new SigSet object. This object will be destroyed
automatically when it is no longer needed. Arguments may be
supplied to initialize the set.
Create an empty set.
$sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new;
Create a set with SIGUSR1.
$sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 );
addset Add a signal to a SigSet object.
$sigset->addset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
delset Remove a signal from the SigSet object.
$sigset->delset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
emptyset
Initialize the SigSet object to be empty.
$sigset->emptyset();
Returns "undef" on failure.
fillset Initialize the SigSet object to include all signals.
$sigset->fillset();
Returns "undef" on failure.
ismember
Tests the SigSet object to see if it contains a specific sig-
nal.
if( $sigset->ismember( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 ) ){
print "contains SIGUSR1\n";
}
POSIX::Termios
new Create a new Termios object. This object will be destroyed
automatically when it is no longer needed. A Termios object
corresponds to the termios C struct. new() mallocs a new one,
getattr() fills it from a file descriptor, and setattr() sets a
file descriptor's parameters to match Termios' contents.
$termios = POSIX::Termios->new;
getattr Get terminal control attributes.
Obtain the attributes for stdin.
$termios->getattr()
Obtain the attributes for stdout.
$termios->getattr( 1 )
Returns "undef" on failure.
getcc Retrieve a value from the c_cc field of a termios object. The
c_cc field is an array so an index must be specified.
$c_cc[1] = $termios->getcc(1);
getcflag
Retrieve the c_cflag field of a termios object.
$c_cflag = $termios->getcflag;
getiflag
Retrieve the c_iflag field of a termios object.
$c_iflag = $termios->getiflag;
getispeed
Retrieve the input baud rate.
$ispeed = $termios->getispeed;
getlflag
Retrieve the c_lflag field of a termios object.
$c_lflag = $termios->getlflag;
getoflag
Retrieve the c_oflag field of a termios object.
$c_oflag = $termios->getoflag;
getospeed
Retrieve the output baud rate.
$ospeed = $termios->getospeed;
setattr Set terminal control attributes.
Set attributes immediately for stdout.
$termios->setattr( 1, &POSIX::TCSANOW );
Returns "undef" on failure.
setcc Set a value in the c_cc field of a termios object. The c_cc
field is an array so an index must be specified.
$termios->setcc( &POSIX::VEOF, 1 );
setcflag
Set the c_cflag field of a termios object.
$termios->setcflag( $c_cflag | &POSIX::CLOCAL );
setiflag
Set the c_iflag field of a termios object.
$termios->setiflag( $c_iflag | &POSIX::BRKINT );
setispeed
Set the input baud rate.
$termios->setispeed( &POSIX::B9600 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
setlflag
Set the c_lflag field of a termios object.
$termios->setlflag( $c_lflag | &POSIX::ECHO );
setoflag
Set the c_oflag field of a termios object.
$termios->setoflag( $c_oflag | &POSIX::OPOST );
setospeed
Set the output baud rate.
$termios->setospeed( &POSIX::B9600 );
Returns "undef" on failure.
Baud rate values
B38400 B75 B200 B134 B300 B1800 B150 B0 B19200 B1200 B9600 B600
B4800 B50 B2400 B110
Terminal interface values
TCSADRAIN TCSANOW TCOON TCIOFLUSH TCOFLUSH TCION TCIFLUSH
TCSAFLUSH TCIOFF TCOOFF
c_cc field values
VEOF VEOL VERASE VINTR VKILL VQUIT VSUSP VSTART VSTOP VMIN
VTIME NCCS
c_cflag field values
CLOCAL CREAD CSIZE CS5 CS6 CS7 CS8 CSTOPB HUPCL PARENB PARODD
c_iflag field values
BRKINT ICRNL IGNBRK IGNCR IGNPAR INLCR INPCK ISTRIP IXOFF IXON
PARMRK
c_lflag field values
ECHO ECHOE ECHOK ECHONL ICANON IEXTEN ISIG NOFLSH TOSTOP
c_oflag field values
OPOST
PATHNAME CONSTANTS
Constants
_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED _PC_LINK_MAX _PC_MAX_CANON _PC_MAX_INPUT
_PC_NAME_MAX _PC_NO_TRUNC _PC_PATH_MAX _PC_PIPE_BUF _PC_VDIS-
ABLE
POSIX CONSTANTS
Constants
_POSIX_ARG_MAX _POSIX_CHILD_MAX _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
_POSIX_JOB_CONTROL _POSIX_LINK_MAX _POSIX_MAX_CANON
_POSIX_MAX_INPUT _POSIX_NAME_MAX _POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX
_POSIX_NO_TRUNC _POSIX_OPEN_MAX _POSIX_PATH_MAX _POSIX_PIPE_BUF
_POSIX_SAVED_IDS _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX _POSIX_STREAM_MAX
_POSIX_TZNAME_MAX _POSIX_VDISABLE _POSIX_VERSION
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Constants
_SC_ARG_MAX _SC_CHILD_MAX _SC_CLK_TCK _SC_JOB_CONTROL
_SC_NGROUPS_MAX _SC_OPEN_MAX _SC_PAGESIZE _SC_SAVED_IDS
_SC_STREAM_MAX _SC_TZNAME_MAX _SC_VERSION
ERRNO
Constants
E2BIG EACCES EADDRINUSE EADDRNOTAVAIL EAFNOSUPPORT EAGAIN EAL-
READY EBADF EBUSY ECHILD ECONNABORTED ECONNREFUSED ECONNRESET
EDEADLK EDESTADDRREQ EDOM EDQUOT EEXIST EFAULT EFBIG EHOSTDOWN
EHOSTUNREACH EINPROGRESS EINTR EINVAL EIO EISCONN EISDIR ELOOP
EMFILE EMLINK EMSGSIZE ENAMETOOLONG ENETDOWN ENETRESET ENETUN-
REACH ENFILE ENOBUFS ENODEV ENOENT ENOEXEC ENOLCK ENOMEM ENO-
PROTOOPT ENOSPC ENOSYS ENOTBLK ENOTCONN ENOTDIR ENOTEMPTY ENOT-
SOCK ENOTTY ENXIO EOPNOTSUPP EPERM EPFNOSUPPORT EPIPE EPROCLIM
EPROTONOSUPPORT EPROTOTYPE ERANGE EREMOTE ERESTART EROFS ESHUT-
DOWN ESOCKTNOSUPPORT ESPIPE ESRCH ESTALE ETIMEDOUT ETOOMANYREFS
ETXTBSY EUSERS EWOULDBLOCK EXDEV
FCNTL
Constants
FD_CLOEXEC F_DUPFD F_GETFD F_GETFL F_GETLK F_OK F_RDLCK F_SETFD
F_SETFL F_SETLK F_SETLKW F_UNLCK F_WRLCK O_ACCMODE O_APPEND
O_CREAT O_EXCL O_NOCTTY O_NONBLOCK O_RDONLY O_RDWR O_TRUNC
O_WRONLY
FLOAT
Constants
DBL_DIG DBL_EPSILON DBL_MANT_DIG DBL_MAX DBL_MAX_10_EXP
DBL_MAX_EXP DBL_MIN DBL_MIN_10_EXP DBL_MIN_EXP FLT_DIG
FLT_EPSILON FLT_MANT_DIG FLT_MAX FLT_MAX_10_EXP FLT_MAX_EXP
FLT_MIN FLT_MIN_10_EXP FLT_MIN_EXP FLT_RADIX FLT_ROUNDS
LDBL_DIG LDBL_EPSILON LDBL_MANT_DIG LDBL_MAX LDBL_MAX_10_EXP
LDBL_MAX_EXP LDBL_MIN LDBL_MIN_10_EXP LDBL_MIN_EXP
LIMITS
Constants
ARG_MAX CHAR_BIT CHAR_MAX CHAR_MIN CHILD_MAX INT_MAX INT_MIN
LINK_MAX LONG_MAX LONG_MIN MAX_CANON MAX_INPUT MB_LEN_MAX
NAME_MAX NGROUPS_MAX OPEN_MAX PATH_MAX PIPE_BUF SCHAR_MAX
SCHAR_MIN SHRT_MAX SHRT_MIN SSIZE_MAX STREAM_MAX TZNAME_MAX
UCHAR_MAX UINT_MAX ULONG_MAX USHRT_MAX
LOCALE
Constants
LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME
MATH
Constants
HUGE_VAL
SIGNAL
Constants
SA_NOCLDSTOP SA_NOCLDWAIT SA_NODEFER SA_ONSTACK SA_RESETHAND
SA_RESTART SA_SIGINFO SIGABRT SIGALRM SIGCHLD SIGCONT SIGFPE
SIGHUP SIGILL SIGINT SIGKILL SIGPIPE SIGQUIT SIGSEGV SIGSTOP
SIGTERM SIGTSTP SIGTTIN SIGTTOU SIGUSR1 SIGUSR2 SIG_BLOCK
SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN SIG_SETMASK SIG_UNBLOCK
STAT
Constants
S_IRGRP S_IROTH S_IRUSR S_IRWXG S_IRWXO S_IRWXU S_ISGID S_ISUID
S_IWGRP S_IWOTH S_IWUSR S_IXGRP S_IXOTH S_IXUSR
Macros S_ISBLK S_ISCHR S_ISDIR S_ISFIFO S_ISREG
STDLIB
Constants
EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS MB_CUR_MAX RAND_MAX
STDIO
Constants
BUFSIZ EOF FILENAME_MAX L_ctermid L_cuserid L_tmpname TMP_MAX
TIME
Constants
CLK_TCK CLOCKS_PER_SEC
UNISTD
Constants
R_OK SEEK_CUR SEEK_END SEEK_SET STDIN_FILENO STDOUT_FILENO
STDERR_FILENO W_OK X_OK
WAIT
Constants
WNOHANG WUNTRACED
WNOHANG Do not suspend the calling process until a
child process changes state but instead return
immediately.
WUNTRACED Catch stopped child processes.
Macros WIFEXITED WEXITSTATUS WIFSIGNALED WTERMSIG WIFSTOPPED WSTOPSIG
WIFEXITED WIFEXITED($?) returns true if the child process
exited normally ("exit()" or by falling off the
end of "main()")
WEXITSTATUS WEXITSTATUS($?) returns the normal exit status
of the child process (only meaningful if WIFEX-
ITED($?) is true)
WIFSIGNALED WIFSIGNALED($?) returns true if the child pro-
cess terminated because of a signal
WTERMSIG WTERMSIG($?) returns the signal the child pro-
cess terminated for (only meaningful if WIFSIG-
NALED($?) is true)
WIFSTOPPED WIFSTOPPED($?) returns true if the child pro-
cess is currently stopped (can happen only if
you specified the WUNTRACED flag to waitpid())
WSTOPSIG WSTOPSIG($?) returns the signal the child pro-
cess was stopped for (only meaningful if WIF-
STOPPED($?) is true)
perl v5.8.6 2001-09-21 POSIX(3)
