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find

FIND(1L)                                                              FIND(1L)



NAME
       find - search for files in a directory hierarchy

SYNOPSIS
       find [path...] [expression]

DESCRIPTION
       This  manual page documents the GNU version of find.  find searches the
       directory tree rooted at each given file name by evaluating  the  given
       expression  from  left  to  right, according to the rules of precedence
       (see section OPERATORS), until the outcome is known (the left hand side
       is false for and operations, true for or), at which point find moves on
       to the next file name.

       The first argument that begins with `-', `(', `)', `,', or `!' is taken
       to  be  the  beginning  of  the expression; any arguments before it are
       paths to search, and any arguments after it are the rest of the expres-
       sion.   If  no  paths  are given, the current directory is used.  If no
       expression is given, the expression `-print' is used.

       find exits with status 0  if  all  files  are  processed  successfully,
       greater than 0 if errors occur.

EXPRESSIONS
       The  expression  is  made up of options (which affect overall operation
       rather than the processing of a specific file, and always return true),
       tests  (which  return  a  true or false value), and actions (which have
       side effects and return a true or false value), all separated by opera-
       tors.   -and  is assumed where the operator is omitted.  If the expres-
       sion contains no actions other than -prune, -print is performed on  all
       files for which the expression is true.

   OPTIONS
       All  options  always return true.  They always take effect, rather than
       being processed only when their place in  the  expression  is  reached.
       Therefore,  for  clarity,  it is best to place them at the beginning of
       the expression.

       -daystart
              Measure times (for -amin,  -atime,  -cmin,  -ctime,  -mmin,  and
              -mtime)  from  the  beginning of today rather than from 24 hours
              ago.

       -depth Process each directory's contents before the directory itself.

       -follow
              Dereference symbolic links.  Implies -noleaf.

       -help, --help
              Print a summary of the command-line usage of find and exit.

       -maxdepth levels
              Descend at most levels (a non-negative integer) levels of direc-
              tories  below  the  command line arguments.  `-maxdepth 0' means
              only apply the tests and actions to the command line  arguments.

       -mindepth levels
              Do  not apply any tests or actions at levels less than levels (a
              non-negative integer).  `-mindepth 1' means  process  all  files
              except the command line arguments.

       -mount Don't  descend  directories  on other filesystems.  An alternate
              name for -xdev, for compatibility with some  other  versions  of
              find.

       -noleaf
              Do  not  optimize  by  assuming that directories contain 2 fewer
              subdirectories than their  hard  link  count.   This  option  is
              needed  when  searching  filesystems that do not follow the Unix
              directory-link convention, such as CD-ROM or MS-DOS  filesystems
              or  AFS  volume  mount  points.  Each directory on a normal Unix
              filesystem has at least 2 hard  links:  its  name  and  its  `.'
              entry.   Additionally,  its  subdirectories (if any) each have a
              `..'  entry linked to that directory.  When find is examining  a
              directory,  after it has statted 2 fewer subdirectories than the
              directory's link count, it knows that the rest of the entries in
              the directory are non-directories (`leaf' files in the directory
              tree).  If only the files' names need to be examined,  there  is
              no  need  to  stat  them;  this  gives a significant increase in
              search speed.

       -version, --version
              Print the find version number and exit.

       -xdev  Don't descend directories on other filesystems.

   TESTS
       Numeric arguments can be specified as

       +n     for greater than n,

       -n     for less than n,

       n      for exactly n.

       -amin n
              File was last accessed n minutes ago.

       -anewer file
              File was last accessed more recently  than  file  was  modified.
              -anewer  is  affected  by  -follow  only if -follow comes before
              -anewer on the command line.

       -atime n
              File was last accessed n*24 hours ago.

       -cmin n
              File's status was last changed n minutes ago.

       -cnewer file
              File's status was last changed more recently than file was modi-
              fied.   -cnewer  is  affected  by  -follow only if -follow comes
              before -cnewer on the command line.

       -ctime n
              File's status was last changed n*24 hours ago.

       -empty File is empty and is either a regular file or a directory.

       -false Always false.

       -fstype type
              File is on a filesystem of  type  type.   The  valid  filesystem
              types  vary among different versions of Unix; an incomplete list
              of filesystem types that are accepted on some version of Unix or
              another  is:  ufs, 4.2, 4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K.  You can
              use -printf with the %F directive  to  see  the  types  of  your
              filesystems.

       -gid n File's numeric group ID is n.

       -group gname
              File belongs to group gname (numeric group ID allowed).

       -ilname pattern
              Like -lname, but the match is case insensitive.

       -iname pattern
              Like -name, but the match is case insensitive.  For example, the
              patterns `fo*' and `F??' match  the  file  names  `Foo',  `FOO',
              `foo', `fOo', etc.

       -inum n
              File has inode number n.

       -ipath pattern
              Like -path, but the match is case insensitive.

       -iregex pattern
              Like -regex, but the match is case insensitive.

       -links n
              File has n links.

       -lname pattern
              File  is a symbolic link whose contents match shell pattern pat-
              tern.  The metacharacters do not treat `/' or `.' specially.

       -mmin n
              File's data was last modified n minutes ago.

       -mtime n
              File's data was last modified n*24 hours ago.

       -name pattern
              Base of  file  name  (the  path  with  the  leading  directories
              removed)  matches  shell  pattern  pattern.   The metacharacters
              (`*', `?', and `[]') do not match a `.' at the start of the base
              name.  To ignore a directory and the files under it, use -prune;
              see an example in the description of -path.

       -newer file
              File was modified more recently than file.  -newer  is  affected
              by  -follow  only  if -follow comes before -newer on the command
              line.

       -nouser
              No user corresponds to file's numeric user ID.

       -nogroup
              No group corresponds to file's numeric group ID.

       -path pattern
              File name matches shell pattern pattern.  The metacharacters  do
              not treat `/' or `.' specially; so, for example,
                        find . -path './sr*sc'
              will  print an entry for a directory called './src/misc' (if one
              exists).  To ignore a whole directory tree,  use  -prune  rather
              than  checking every file in the tree.  For example, to skip the
              directory `src/emacs' and all files and  directories  under  it,
              and  print the names of the other files found, do something like
              this:
                        find . -path './src/emacs' -prune -o -print

       -perm mode
              File's permission bits are exactly  mode  (octal  or  symbolic).
              Symbolic modes use mode 0 as a point of departure.

       -perm -mode
              All of the permission bits mode are set for the file.

       -perm +mode
              Any of the permission bits mode are set for the file.

       -regex pattern
              File  name  matches regular expression pattern.  This is a match
              on the whole path, not a search.  For example, to match  a  file
              named `./fubar3', you can use the regular expression `.*bar.' or
              `.*b.*3', but not `b.*r3'.

       -size n[bckw]
              File uses n units of space.  The units are  512-byte  blocks  by
              default  or  if `b' follows n, bytes if `c' follows n, kilobytes
              if `k' follows n, or 2-byte words if `w' follows  n.   The  size
              does  not  count  indirect  blocks,  but it does count blocks in
              sparse files that are not actually allocated.

       -true  Always true.

       -type c
              File is of type c:

              b      block (buffered) special

              c      character (unbuffered) special

              d      directory

              p      named pipe (FIFO)

              f      regular file

              l      symbolic link

              s      socket

              D      door (Solaris)

       -uid n File's numeric user ID is n.

       -used n
              File was last accessed n days after its status was last changed.

       -user uname
              File is owned by user uname (numeric user ID allowed).

       -xtype c
              The  same as -type unless the file is a symbolic link.  For sym-
              bolic links: if -follow has not been given, true if the file  is
              a link to a file of type c; if -follow has been given, true if c
              is `l'.  In other words, for symbolic links, -xtype  checks  the
              type of the file that -type does not check.

   ACTIONS
       -exec command ;
              Execute  command;  true  if 0 status is returned.  All following
              arguments to find are taken to be arguments to the command until
              an  argument  consisting of `;' is encountered.  The string `{}'
              is replaced by the current file name being processed  everywhere
              it occurs in the arguments to the command, not just in arguments
              where it is alone, as in some versions of find.  Both  of  these
              constructions might need to be escaped (with a `\') or quoted to
              protect them from expansion by the shell.  The command  is  exe-
              cuted in the starting directory.

       -fls file
              True; like -ls but write to file like -fprint.

       -fprint file
              True; print the full file name into file file.  If file does not
              exist when find is run, it is created; if it does exist,  it  is
              truncated.   The  file names ``/dev/stdout'' and ``/dev/stderr''
              are handled specially; they refer to  the  standard  output  and
              standard error output, respectively.

       -fprint0 file
              True; like -print0 but write to file like -fprint.

       -fprintf file format
              True; like -printf but write to file like -fprint.

       -ok command ;
              Like  -exec  but  ask the user first (on the standard input); if
              the response does not start with `y' or `Y', do not run the com-
              mand, and return false.

       -print True;  print the full file name on the standard output, followed
              by a newline.

       -print0
              True; print the full file name on the standard output,  followed
              by  a  null character.  This allows file names that contain new-
              lines to be correctly interpreted by programs that  process  the
              find output.

       -printf format
              True;  print  format  on  the  standard output, interpreting `\'
              escapes and `%' directives.  Field widths and precisions can  be
              specified  as  with  the  `printf'  C  function.  Unlike -print,
              -printf does not add a newline at the end of  the  string.   The
              escapes and directives are:

              \a     Alarm bell.

              \b     Backspace.

              \c     Stop  printing from this format immediately and flush the
                     output.

              \f     Form feed.

              \n     Newline.

              \r     Carriage return.

              \t     Horizontal tab.

              \v     Vertical tab.

              \\     A literal backslash (`\').

              \NNN   The character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal).

              A `\' character followed by any other character is treated as an
              ordinary character, so they both are printed.

              %%     A literal percent sign.

              %a     File's  last  access time in the format returned by the C
                     `ctime' function.

              %Ak    File's last access time in the  format  specified  by  k,
                     which  is  either `@' or a directive for the C `strftime'
                     function.  The possible values for k  are  listed  below;
                     some  of  them might not be available on all systems, due
                     to differences in `strftime' between systems.

                      @      seconds since Jan. 1, 1970, 00:00 GMT.

                     Time fields:

                      H      hour (00..23)

                      I      hour (01..12)

                      k      hour ( 0..23)

                      l      hour ( 1..12)

                      M      minute (00..59)

                      p      locale's AM or PM

                      r      time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)

                      S      second (00..61)

                      T      time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)

                      X      locale's time representation (H:M:S)

                      Z      time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone
                             is determinable

                     Date fields:

                      a      locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat)

                      A      locale's full weekday name, variable length (Sun-
                             day..Saturday)

                      b      locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec)

                      B      locale's full month name, variable  length  (Jan-
                             uary..December)

                      c      locale's  date  and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST
                             1989)

                      d      day of month (01..31)

                      D      date (mm/dd/yy)

                      h      same as b

                      j      day of year (001..366)

                      m      month (01..12)

                      U      week number of year with Sunday as first  day  of
                             week (00..53)

                      w      day of week (0..6)

                      W      week  number  of year with Monday as first day of
                             week (00..53)

                      x      locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy)

                      y      last two digits of year (00..99)

                      Y      year (1970...)

              %b     File's size in 512-byte blocks (rounded up).

              %c     File's last status change time in the format returned  by
                     the C `ctime' function.

              %Ck    File's last status change time in the format specified by
                     k, which is the same as for %A.

              %d     File's depth in the directory tree; 0 means the file is a
                     command line argument.

              %f     File's  name  with  any leading directories removed (only
                     the last element).

              %F     Type of the filesystem the file is on; this value can  be
                     used for -fstype.

              %g     File's  group  name, or numeric group ID if the group has
                     no name.

              %G     File's numeric group ID.

              %h     Leading directories of file's name (all but the last ele-
                     ment).

              %H     Command line argument under which file was found.

              %i     File's inode number (in decimal).

              %k     File's size in 1K blocks (rounded up).

              %l     Object  of  symbolic  link (empty string if file is not a
                     symbolic link).

              %m     File's permission bits (in octal).

              %n     Number of hard links to file.

              %p     File's name.

              %P     File's name with the name of the  command  line  argument
                     under which it was found removed.

              %s     File's size in bytes.

              %t     File's  last  modification time in the format returned by
                     the C `ctime' function.

              %Tk    File's last modification time in the format specified  by
                     k, which is the same as for %A.

              %u     File's  user  name, or numeric user ID if the user has no
                     name.

              %U     File's numeric user ID.

              A `%' character followed by any  other  character  is  discarded
              (but the other character is printed).

       -prune If  -depth is not given, true; do not descend the current direc-
              tory.
              If -depth is given, false; no effect.

       -ls    True; list current file in `ls -dils' format on standard output.
              The  block counts are of 1K blocks, unless the environment vari-
              able POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte  blocks  are
              used.

   OPERATORS
       Listed in order of decreasing precedence:

       ( expr )
              Force precedence.

       ! expr True if expr is false.

       -not expr
              Same as ! expr.

       expr1 expr2
              And (implied); expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is false.

       expr1 -a expr2
              Same as expr1 expr2.

       expr1 -and expr2
              Same as expr1 expr2.

       expr1 -o expr2
              Or; expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is true.

       expr1 -or expr2
              Same as expr1 -o expr2.

       expr1 , expr2
              List;  both  expr1 and expr2 are always evaluated.  The value of
              expr1 is discarded; the value of the list is the value of expr2.

SEE ALSO
       locate(1L),  locatedb(5L),  updatedb(1L),  xargs(1L) Finding Files (on-
       line in Info, or printed)



                                                                      FIND(1L)